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Specifically, individuals diagnosed with unipolar depression had a significantly elevated risk of subsequently developing epilepsy, with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 2.35 (95% CI: 2.252.44), even after adjustment for comorbidities, substance abuse, and calendar year

Introduction According to the International Diabetes Federation, 536.6 million adults are affected by diabetes worldwide (2021), and the total number of adults with diabetes is predicted to rise to 783.2 million by 2045 ( As diabetes progresses, persistent hyperglycemia increases the levels of inflammatory factors, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), reactive oxygen species (ROS), free fatty acids (FFAs), triacylglycerol, and diacylglycerol in the heart, retina, kidneys, and nervous system ( Ferroptosis is a recently recognized form of programmed cell death that is genetically, biochemically, and morphologically distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and other types of cell death ( Overview of Ferroptosis In 2003, a new compound, erastin, was found to induce a new way of cell death ( Morphologically, ferroptosis is mainly characterized by the shrinkage of mitochondria with increased membrane density, as well as the decrease or disappearance of mitochondrial cristae ( Figure 1 )

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However, pathological states such as OS, genetic mutations, and iron overload can trigger abnormal accumulation of -syn

This cobalt sits right in the middle of a ring-shaped structure called a corrin ring

The atherosclerotic plaques, especially the necrotic core of unstable plaques, contain apoptotic macrophages, erythrocytes and its metabolites - heme and hemoglobin (Li et al., 2006), and cytotoxic substances (cholesterol crystals, cholesterol esters, oxidized lipids, fibrin, inorganic minerals like hydroxyapatite, iron, and calcium) (Tong et al., 2023)